Dental Terms Explained: A‑Z Glossary for Patients

Last updated October 2026·15 min read

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Published by Nosht Limited

Dentists use precise clinical language to describe your teeth, gums, and treatments. That precision is important between professionals — but it can leave patients confused. This glossary translates over 150 dental terms into plain English so you can understand exactly what your dentist is talking about.

Every definition is written for patients and carers, not clinicians. If you are a dental professional looking for clinical abbreviations and shorthand, see our Dental Abbreviations: Complete A-Z Reference instead.

Important: This glossary is for general information only and is not a substitute for professional dental advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult your dentist about any dental symptoms or concerns. If you are in pain or have swelling, contact your dental practice or call NHS 111.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A

Abscess(AB-sess)

A dental abscess is a pocket of pus caused by a bacterial infection in the tooth or gum. It usually causes throbbing pain, swelling, and sensitivity to hot or cold. An abscess will not go away on its own. A dentist treats it by draining the infection, either through the tooth (root canal treatment) or by removing the tooth. Antibiotics are only needed if the infection is spreading or you feel generally unwell.

Patient leaflet: Abscess →

What should I do if I think I have a dental abscess?

Contact your dentist as soon as possible — a dental abscess is an infection that will not resolve without treatment. If you cannot see a dentist the same day, call NHS 111 for advice. Do not ignore swelling or a persistent throbbing toothache, as the infection can spread. Over-the-counter painkillers such as ibuprofen (if suitable for you — check with your pharmacist if you have asthma, heart or kidney problems, or take other regular medicines) can help manage pain temporarily, but they do not treat the infection itself.

Abutment(ah-BUT-ment)

An abutment is a tooth or implant that supports a dental bridge or prosthesis. In a conventional bridge, the abutment teeth on either side of a gap are prepared (filed down) to accept crowns that hold the false tooth in place. In implant dentistry, the abutment is the connector piece between the implant screw and the crown.

Related: Bridge, Dental implant, Crown

Alveolar bone(al-VEE-oh-lar)

Alveolar bone is the part of the jawbone that surrounds and supports the roots of your teeth. It forms the tooth sockets. When teeth are lost or gum disease advances, alveolar bone can gradually shrink away — a process called resorption — which may affect future treatment options such as implants.

Amalgam(a-MAL-gam)

Amalgam is a silver-coloured filling material made from a mixture of metals including mercury, silver, tin, and copper. It has been used in dentistry for over 150 years and is extremely durable. The UK is phasing down amalgam use under the Minamata Convention. Since July 2018, amalgam should not be used in baby teeth, in children under 15, or in pregnant or breastfeeding women unless the dentist decides it is strictly necessary for medical reasons.

Related: Composite, Filling, GIC

Are amalgam fillings safe?

The NHS, British Dental Association, and World Health Organization all consider amalgam fillings safe for most adults. The amount of mercury released from a filling is extremely small. However, the UK is phasing down amalgam use for environmental reasons. Since July 2018, amalgam is not used for baby teeth, children under 15, or pregnant or breastfeeding women unless the dentist decides it is strictly necessary for medical reasons. If you have existing amalgam fillings that are in good condition, there is no clinical reason to replace them.

Apex(AY-pex)

The apex is the very tip of a tooth root. It is where blood vessels and nerves enter the tooth through a small opening called the apical foramen. The apex is important in root canal treatment, as the dentist needs to clean and seal the canal all the way to this point.

Related: Root canal treatment, Pulp

Apicoectomy(ay-pik-oh-EK-toh-mee)

An apicoectomy is a minor surgical procedure to remove the very tip (apex) of a tooth root along with any infected tissue. It is usually performed when a conventional root canal treatment has not resolved the infection. The root tip is sealed from the outside and the gum is stitched closed.

Attrition

Attrition is the gradual wearing down of tooth surfaces caused by tooth-to-tooth contact during chewing or grinding. It is a natural process that happens slowly over a lifetime, but can be accelerated by bruxism (teeth grinding). Severe attrition can expose the dentine layer, causing sensitivity and changes in bite.

Related: Bruxism, Erosion, Enamel

Avulsion(ah-VUL-shun)

Avulsion is the complete displacement of a tooth from its socket due to trauma. A knocked-out permanent tooth is a dental emergency — if replanted within 30 minutes and stored correctly (in milk or saliva), it has the best chance of survival. Baby teeth should not be replanted. Always see a dentist immediately after a tooth is knocked out.

Related: Extraction, Splint, Tooth fracture

B

Biofilm

A biofilm is a thin, organised layer of bacteria that adheres to a surface. In the mouth, dental plaque is a type of biofilm. Bacteria in a biofilm are more resistant to antimicrobial agents than free-floating bacteria, which is why physically removing plaque through brushing and interdental cleaning is more effective than mouthwash alone.

Related: Plaque, Calculus, Interdental

Bitewing

A bitewing is a type of dental X-ray that shows the upper and lower back teeth in a single image. You bite down on a small tab while the X-ray is taken. Bitewings are used to detect decay between teeth and to check the fit of fillings and crowns. They are part of routine dental check-ups.

Related: OPG, CBCT

Bleaching

Dental bleaching is a cosmetic procedure that lightens the colour of your teeth using a peroxide-based gel. In the UK, only registered dental professionals can legally use products containing more than 0.1% hydrogen peroxide (up to 6%). Over-the-counter products are limited to 0.1% or less. Professional bleaching can be done in the dental surgery or at home using custom-fitted trays provided by your dentist.

Related: Veneer, Whitening

Bone graft

A bone graft is a surgical procedure that adds bone material to the jaw to rebuild areas where bone has been lost. Bone grafts are often needed before dental implants can be placed if the jawbone is too thin or soft. The graft material can come from the patient, a donor, an animal source, or a synthetic substitute.

BPE(bee-pee-ee)

BPE stands for Basic Periodontal Examination. It is a quick screening test your dentist or hygienist performs to check the health of your gums. Each section of the mouth is given a score from 0 (healthy) to 4 (advanced gum disease). Your dentist should carry out a BPE at check-ups; if you have had gum treatment, a detailed gum chart is used instead.

What do BPE scores mean?

BPE scores range from 0 to 4. Score 0 means healthy gums. Score 1 means bleeding on probing — early gum inflammation. Score 2 means calculus (tartar) or plaque-retaining factors are present, requiring a scale and polish. Score 3 means pockets of 4–5mm — moderate gum disease requiring a more detailed assessment. Score 4 means at least one pocket deeper than 5.5 mm, which suggests periodontitis. Your dentist or hygienist will do a full gum chart and X-rays, then usually start deep-cleaning treatment; some people are referred to a specialist. An asterisk (*) indicates a furcation defect where bone loss has reached the point where roots divide.

Bridge

A dental bridge is a fixed replacement for one or more missing teeth. It is anchored to the natural teeth on either side of the gap (called abutment teeth), which are prepared and fitted with crowns. The false tooth (pontic) sits in the gap. Bridges are cemented permanently and cannot be removed by the patient.

Related: Crown, Dental implant, Pontic

Patient leaflet: Bridge →

What is the difference between a bridge and an implant?

A bridge is fixed to the teeth on either side of a gap and does not require surgery, but those neighbouring teeth must be filed down to accept crowns. An implant is a titanium screw placed into the jawbone that acts as an artificial root, supporting a crown on top. Implants do not affect neighbouring teeth but require minor surgery and several months of healing. Both are effective long-term solutions — your dentist can advise which is more appropriate for your situation.

Bruxism(BRUK-sizm)

Bruxism is the habit of grinding or clenching your teeth, often unconsciously during sleep. It can wear down tooth surfaces, cause jaw pain, headaches, and damage existing dental work. Treatment usually involves wearing a custom-made night guard (occlusal splint) and addressing contributing factors such as stress.

Related: Occlusion, Splint, TMJ

How do I know if I grind my teeth at night?

Common signs include waking up with a sore jaw or headache, tooth pain with no obvious cause, worn or flattened tooth surfaces, chipped or cracked teeth, and your partner hearing grinding sounds at night. Your dentist can often spot the characteristic wear patterns during a routine check-up, even before you notice symptoms. If you suspect bruxism, mention it at your next appointment.

Buccal(BUK-al)

Buccal means relating to the cheek. In dentistry, the buccal surface of a tooth is the side facing the cheek. Your dentist might refer to a "buccal swelling" (swelling on the cheek side) or a "buccal restoration" (a filling on the cheek-facing surface of a tooth).

Related: Lingual, Occlusion

C

Calculus(KAL-kyoo-lus)

Calculus (also called tartar) is hardened dental plaque that has mineralised on tooth surfaces. Unlike plaque, calculus cannot be removed by brushing or flossing — it requires professional removal by a dentist or hygienist using special instruments. Calculus build-up irritates the gums and contributes to gum disease.

Canine

Canines are the pointed teeth located at the corners of the dental arch, between the incisors and premolars. Adults have four canines — one in each quadrant. They are the longest-rooted teeth and play an important role in guiding the bite when the jaw moves from side to side. The upper canines usually come through at around age 11–13.

Related: Premolar, Molar, Impaction

Caries(KAIR-eez)

Caries is the clinical term for tooth decay. It is caused by bacteria in plaque that produce acids when they feed on sugars, gradually dissolving the hard outer layers of the tooth (enamel and dentine). If untreated, caries can reach the nerve inside the tooth, causing pain and infection.

Related: Filling, Enamel, Dentine, Composite

What causes tooth decay (caries)?

Tooth decay is caused by a combination of bacteria, sugars, and time. Bacteria in dental plaque produce acid each time you eat or drink anything containing sugar. This acid attacks tooth enamel. Over time, repeated acid attacks create a hole (cavity). The main risk factors are frequent sugary snacks and drinks, poor brushing habits, dry mouth, and not using fluoride toothpaste. Regular dental check-ups help catch decay early, when it can often be treated without a filling.

Cavity

A cavity is a hole in a tooth caused by decay (caries). Cavities form when bacteria in plaque produce acid that dissolves the tooth structure. Small cavities may have no symptoms; larger ones can cause sensitivity, pain, and visible holes. Treatment involves removing the decayed material and placing a filling.

Related: Caries, Filling, Enamel

CBCT(see-bee-see-tee)

CBCT stands for Cone Beam Computed Tomography. It is a specialised type of dental X-ray that produces detailed 3D images of the teeth, jawbone, and surrounding structures. CBCT scans are used for planning implant placement, assessing impacted teeth, and diagnosing complex problems that ordinary X-rays cannot show clearly.

Related: OPG, Bitewing, Dental implant

Cementum(seh-MEN-tum)

Cementum is a thin layer of hard tissue that covers the root surface of a tooth. It provides the attachment point for the periodontal ligament, which anchors the tooth in its socket. Cementum is softer than enamel and dentine, which is why exposed root surfaces (from gum recession) are more vulnerable to decay and sensitivity.

Related: Dentine, Enamel, Recession

Chlorhexidine(klor-HEX-ih-deen)

Chlorhexidine is an antiseptic mouthwash prescribed by dentists to reduce bacteria in the mouth. It is commonly used after gum treatment, oral surgery, or when you cannot brush normally. Chlorhexidine can temporarily stain teeth brown and alter taste, so it is usually prescribed for short-term use only.

Cleft lip and palate

A cleft lip and/or palate is a birth defect where the lip, the roof of the mouth (palate), or both do not form completely during pregnancy. Clefts can affect feeding, speech, hearing, and dental development. Treatment involves a team of specialists (including surgeons, orthodontists, and speech therapists) and may span from infancy to adulthood.

Related: Orthodontics, Palate

Composite(KOM-poz-it)

Composite is a tooth-coloured filling material made from a mixture of glass particles and resin. It is bonded directly to the tooth and hardened with a special light. Composite is the most commonly used filling material in the UK today, suitable for both front and back teeth. It provides a natural appearance.

Related: Amalgam, Filling, GIC

How long do composite fillings last?

Composite fillings typically last 5 to 10 years, though many last longer with good care. Their lifespan depends on the size of the filling, its location in the mouth, your bite force, and your oral hygiene. Back teeth under heavy chewing forces may wear composite fillings faster. Regular dental check-ups allow your dentist to monitor fillings and replace them before they fail. Composite fillings can be repaired or added to, which is an advantage over some other materials.

Conscious sedation

Conscious sedation is a technique used to reduce anxiety during dental treatment while keeping you awake and able to respond. The most common method in UK dentistry is inhalation sedation (nitrous oxide / "laughing gas") or intravenous (IV) sedation. You remain conscious throughout but will feel relaxed and may have little memory of the procedure afterwards.

Related: Local anaesthetic, Extraction

Crossbite

A crossbite is a type of malocclusion where one or more upper teeth bite inside the lower teeth instead of outside. It can affect front teeth (anterior crossbite) or back teeth (posterior crossbite). Crossbites can cause uneven jaw growth, tooth wear, and gum problems. Treatment usually involves orthodontics, sometimes with expanders in children.

Crown

A dental crown is a cap that covers the entire visible part of a tooth to restore its shape, strength, and appearance. Crowns are used when a tooth is too damaged for a filling to repair. They can be made from metal, porcelain, ceramic, or a combination. The tooth is filed down and the crown is cemented over it.

Related: Veneer, Bridge, Inlay

Patient leaflet: Crown →

How long does it take to get a crown?

A conventional crown usually requires two appointments over two to three weeks. At the first visit, the dentist prepares (files down) the tooth, takes impressions, and fits a temporary crown. The impressions are sent to a dental laboratory where the permanent crown is made. At the second visit, the temporary crown is removed and the permanent one is cemented in place. Some dental practices now offer same-day crowns using CAD/CAM technology (e.g. CEREC), where the crown is designed and milled in the surgery in a single appointment.

Cusp

A cusp is one of the raised points on the biting surface of a premolar or molar tooth. Premolars usually have two cusps and molars have four or five. Cusps help grind food during chewing. A cusp can fracture if weakened by a large filling or decay, which may require a crown or onlay to restore.

Related: Onlay, Crown, Filling

Cyst (dental)

A dental cyst is a fluid-filled sac that can form in the jawbone or soft tissues of the mouth, usually at the tip of a dead tooth root or around an unerupted tooth. Most dental cysts grow slowly and painlessly but can weaken the jawbone over time. Treatment involves surgical removal (enucleation) and treating the underlying cause.

Related: Abscess, Impaction, X-ray (dental)

D

Debridement(deh-BREED-ment)

Debridement is a deep cleaning procedure to remove plaque, calculus, and infected tissue from below the gum line. It is more thorough than a standard scale and polish and is often carried out under local anaesthetic for comfort, though this is not always necessary. Debridement is a key treatment for gum disease (periodontitis) and may be done over several appointments.

Deciduous teeth(deh-SID-yoo-us)

Deciduous teeth are the first set of teeth, also known as baby teeth, milk teeth, or primary teeth. Children usually have 20 deciduous teeth, which begin to appear from around 6 months of age. They start to fall out from about age 6 as permanent adult teeth grow in to replace them.

Related: Enamel, Fissure sealant

Denervation

Denervation in dentistry refers to damage to or loss of function of a nerve. The most common concern is damage to the inferior alveolar nerve or lingual nerve during lower wisdom tooth removal, which can cause numbness or altered sensation in the lip, chin, tongue, or gums. Most cases resolve within weeks to months, though permanent damage is rare.

Dental anxiety

Dental anxiety is fear or nervousness about visiting the dentist. It is common and ranges from mild unease to severe dental phobia that prevents people seeking care. Dentists are trained to help anxious patients, and options include sedation, cognitive behavioural techniques, and gradual desensitisation.

Dental Complaints Service

The Dental Complaints Service is a free and impartial service, funded by the GDC, that helps patients across the UK resolve complaints about private dental care when they have not been able to sort the problem out with the practice. Complaints about NHS dental care go through the NHS complaints procedure instead.

Related: GDC

Dental hygienist

A dental hygienist is a registered dental care professional who specialises in preventive oral health care. Hygienists provide professional cleaning (scaling and polishing), gum disease treatment, oral hygiene instruction, fluoride application, and dietary advice. In the UK, hygienists are regulated by the GDC. Since 2013 you can book a hygienist directly ("direct access") without seeing a dentist first, although some treatments, such as tooth whitening, need a dentist's prescription.

Related: Scale and polish, GDC, GDP

Dental implant

A dental implant is a small titanium screw surgically placed into the jawbone to replace a missing tooth root. Once the implant has fused with the bone (a process called osseointegration, which takes several months), an artificial crown is attached on top. Implants look and function like natural teeth.

Related: Bone graft, Crown, Bridge, Sinus lift

Patient leaflet: Dental implant →

Am I suitable for dental implants?

Most adults with good general health are suitable for implants. Your dentist will assess your jawbone density (often with a CBCT scan) — you need enough bone to support the implant, though bone grafting can help in some cases. Smoking significantly reduces success rates. Uncontrolled diabetes and certain medications can also affect healing. Implants are not usually placed until the jaw has finished growing, typically after age 18. The best way to find out is to book an implant consultation with your dentist.

Dental nurse

A dental nurse is a GDC-registered dental professional who supports the dentist or other clinician during examinations and treatment, looks after infection prevention and control, helps manage medical emergencies and keeps patient records. Dental nurses also give oral health advice. They do not diagnose disease or plan treatment.

Related: GDC, Dental hygienist

Dental therapist

A dental therapist is a GDC-registered dental professional who can examine patients, diagnose and plan care within their scope, and provide preventive care, gum disease treatment and fillings for adults and children. For baby teeth they can also extract teeth, carry out pulpotomies and fit pre-formed crowns. Dental therapists do not extract adult teeth, carry out root canal treatment on adult teeth, make crowns, bridges or other indirect restorations, or provide orthodontic treatment. You can see a dental therapist directly or on referral from a dentist.

Dentine(DEN-teen)

Dentine is the hard tissue that makes up the bulk of a tooth, sitting beneath the outer enamel layer. It is softer than enamel and has a yellowish colour. Dentine contains microscopic tubes that connect to the nerve inside the tooth, which is why exposed dentine can cause sensitivity to hot, cold, and sweet foods.

Related: Enamel, Pulp, Sensitivity

Denture

A denture is a removable replacement for missing teeth and surrounding gum tissue. A full (complete) denture replaces all teeth in one jaw; a partial denture replaces some teeth and clips onto remaining natural teeth for support. Modern dentures are made from acrylic, metal, or flexible nylon materials.

Related: Bridge, Dental implant

Patient leaflet: Denture →

How long does it take to get used to new dentures?

Most people need four to eight weeks to adjust to new dentures. During this time you may notice increased saliva, mild soreness, difficulty speaking clearly, and a feeling that the dentures are loose. Eating soft foods and practising speaking aloud helps. Your dentist will usually schedule one or more adjustment appointments to relieve any sore spots. If discomfort persists or the dentures feel loose, always return for an adjustment rather than trying to fix them yourself.

Diastema(dy-ah-STEE-mah)

A diastema is a gap or space between two teeth, most commonly the upper front teeth. Diastemas can be caused by a mismatch between the size of the teeth and the jaw, a large labial frenum, gum disease, or habits such as thumb sucking. Treatment is cosmetic and optional — options include orthodontics, veneers, or composite bonding.

Related: Veneer, Orthodontics, Composite

Direct access

Direct access means you can book an appointment with some dental professionals, such as a dental hygienist or dental therapist, without seeing a dentist first. The GDC removed the requirement for a dentist's prescription on 1 May 2013. Not every practice offers direct access, tooth whitening still needs a dentist's prescription, and you will be referred to a dentist for anything outside the professional's scope.

Distal

Distal is a directional term meaning the surface of a tooth facing away from the midline of the mouth (towards the back). The opposite is mesial (facing towards the front). Your dentist uses these terms to describe exactly where decay, a filling, or a crack is located on a tooth.

Related: Mesial, Buccal, Lingual

Dry socket(dry SOK-et)

Dry socket (alveolar osteitis) is a painful complication that can occur after a tooth extraction when the blood clot in the socket is lost or dissolves too early, exposing the underlying bone and nerves. It typically develops two to four days after extraction and causes intense, radiating pain. It requires treatment from your dentist.

Related: Extraction, Alveolar bone

Patient leaflet: Dry socket →

How do I avoid dry socket after an extraction?

To reduce your risk of dry socket: do not smoke for at least 48 hours after extraction (smoking is the biggest risk factor), avoid sucking through straws, do not rinse vigorously for the first 24 hours, eat soft foods, and follow your dentist's aftercare instructions carefully. After the first 24 hours, gently rinse with warm salt water. If you develop severe pain that over-the-counter painkillers do not control two to four days after extraction, contact your dentist promptly — dry socket is easily treated with a medicated dressing.

E

Edentulous(ee-DEN-tyoo-lus)

Edentulous means having no natural teeth remaining. A person who has lost all their teeth in one or both jaws is described as edentulous. Treatment options include full dentures or implant-supported prostheses. Partially edentulous means some natural teeth remain.

Related: Denture, Dental implant

Enamel

Enamel is the hard, white outer covering of the visible part of a tooth (the crown). It is the hardest substance in the human body — even harder than bone — and protects the softer dentine beneath. Unlike bone, enamel cannot regenerate once it is lost. Acid erosion and decay are the main threats to enamel.

Can tooth enamel grow back?

No — enamel cannot regenerate once it has been lost, because it contains no living cells. However, very early enamel damage (demineralisation) can sometimes be reversed through remineralisation using fluoride toothpaste, fluoride varnish, or high-fluoride prescription toothpaste. This is why catching decay early at regular check-ups is so important. Once a cavity has formed through the enamel, it cannot heal on its own and will need a filling.

Endodontics(en-doh-DON-tiks)

Endodontics is the branch of dentistry that deals with the dental pulp (the nerve and blood supply inside a tooth) and the tissues surrounding the root. The most common endodontic procedure is root canal treatment. An endodontist is a dentist who specialises in this area.

Related: Root canal treatment, Pulp, Apex

Epulis(EP-yoo-lis)

An epulis is a localised swelling or lump on the gum. Most are benign (non-cancerous) and can be caused by chronic irritation, hormonal changes (pregnancy epulis), or ill-fitting dentures. An epulis should be assessed by a dentist, who may recommend a biopsy or removal depending on its size and appearance.

Related: Gingiva, Oral cancer

Erosion

Dental erosion is the gradual loss of tooth enamel caused by acid exposure — not from bacteria (which causes caries), but from acidic foods, drinks, or stomach acid. Common causes include fizzy drinks, fruit juices, wine, and acid reflux. Eroded teeth appear smooth, glassy, and sometimes yellowish as the dentine shows through.

Related: Enamel, Sensitivity, Caries

Extraction

An extraction is the removal of a tooth from its socket in the jawbone. Teeth are extracted when they are too damaged to repair, severely infected, impacted (unable to come through the gum properly), or for orthodontic reasons. Extractions are done under local anaesthetic and the area usually heals within one to two weeks.

Patient leaflet: Extraction →

Is having a tooth pulled out painful?

You should not feel pain during an extraction because the area is numbed with local anaesthetic. You will feel pressure and pushing as the dentist loosens the tooth, but not sharp pain. If you do feel pain at any point, tell your dentist immediately — more anaesthetic can be given. After the numbness wears off (usually one to three hours later), you may experience soreness, swelling, and discomfort for a few days. Over-the-counter painkillers such as paracetamol usually manage this well. Ibuprofen can also help, but check with your pharmacist first if you have asthma, heart or kidney problems, or take other regular medicines.

F

Filling

A filling is a dental restoration used to repair a tooth damaged by decay. The dentist removes the decayed material, cleans the cavity, and fills it with a restorative material such as composite (tooth-coloured) or amalgam (silver). Fillings restore the tooth's shape and function and prevent further decay.

Related: Composite, Amalgam, Caries, Inlay

Patient leaflet: Filling →

Fissure sealant(FISH-er SEE-lant)

A fissure sealant is a thin protective coating applied to the biting surfaces of back teeth (molars and premolars) to prevent decay. The sealant fills the natural grooves (fissures) where food and bacteria tend to collect. It is a quick, painless procedure commonly carried out on children's permanent molars as they come through.

Related: Caries, Enamel, Fluoride varnish

Patient leaflet: Fissure sealant →

Fluoride varnish

Fluoride varnish is a concentrated fluoride treatment painted directly onto the surfaces of teeth by a dentist or hygienist. It strengthens tooth enamel and helps prevent decay. In England, fluoride varnish is recommended at least twice a year for all children from age 3, from a younger age for children at higher risk of decay, and for adults at higher risk.

Related: Enamel, Caries, Fissure sealant

FP17

FP17 is the NHS dental claim form that your dentist submits to the NHS Business Services Authority (BSA) after completing a course of NHS treatment. It records what treatment was provided and under which NHS band. Patients do not usually see the FP17, but it is how your dentist claims payment from the NHS for your care.

Related: NHS Bands, UDA

Frenum(FREE-num)

A frenum (also called frenulum) is a small fold of tissue that connects a movable part of the mouth to a fixed part. The most common are the labial frenum (connecting the upper lip to the gum above the front teeth) and the lingual frenum (connecting the tongue to the floor of the mouth). An abnormally tight frenum can sometimes restrict movement.

Related: Tongue-tie

Full mouth rehabilitation

Full mouth rehabilitation (also called full mouth reconstruction) is a comprehensive treatment plan that restores or replaces all or most teeth in both jaws. It may involve a combination of crowns, bridges, implants, veneers, and orthodontics. It is typically needed when teeth have been severely damaged by decay, wear, trauma, or erosion.

Related: Crown, Dental implant, Veneer, Bridge

Furcation(fur-KAY-shun)

A furcation is the area where the roots of a multi-rooted tooth divide. Furcation involvement occurs when gum disease causes bone loss in this area, creating a space between the roots that is difficult to clean. It is a sign of more advanced periodontal disease and may require specialist treatment.

Related: Periodontitis, BPE, Alveolar bone

G

GDC

GDC stands for the General Dental Council — the UK regulatory body for dental professionals. The GDC sets standards of conduct, registers all dentists and dental care professionals, and investigates complaints. Every dentist practising in the UK must be registered with the GDC. You can check your dentist's registration on the GDC website.

Related: GDP

GDP

GDP stands for General Dental Practitioner. In the UK, a GDP is a dentist who provides a broad range of dental care in a high-street dental practice, as opposed to a specialist who focuses on one area such as orthodontics or endodontics. Most dental care in the UK is provided by GDPs.

Related: NHS Bands

GIC(jee-eye-see)

GIC stands for Glass Ionomer Cement. It is a tooth-coloured dental material used for fillings, cementation, and as a liner under other restorations. GIC releases fluoride over time, which helps protect against further decay. It is softer than composite and is often used for baby teeth, root surface cavities, and temporary fillings.

Related: Composite, Amalgam, Filling

Gingiva(JIN-jih-vah)

Gingiva is the clinical term for the gums — the pink tissue that surrounds and supports the teeth. Healthy gingiva is firm, pale pink, and does not bleed when brushed. Red, swollen, or bleeding gums are signs of gum disease (gingivitis or periodontitis) and should be assessed by a dentist.

Gingivitis(jin-jih-VY-tis)

Gingivitis is inflammation of the gums, usually caused by a build-up of plaque along the gum line. Symptoms include red, swollen gums that bleed when you brush or floss. Gingivitis is the earliest stage of gum disease and is fully reversible with improved oral hygiene and professional cleaning. If left untreated, it can progress to periodontitis.

How do I know if I have gingivitis?

The most common sign of gingivitis is bleeding gums — particularly when brushing, flossing, or eating hard foods. Your gums may also appear redder, puffier, or shinier than normal. You might notice bad breath (halitosis) that does not go away after brushing. Gingivitis is usually painless in the early stages, which is why many people do not realise they have it. The good news is that gingivitis is completely reversible: thorough twice-daily brushing with fluoride toothpaste, daily interdental cleaning, and a professional scale and polish can restore gum health.

Granuloma(gran-yoo-LOH-mah)

A dental granuloma is a small area of chronic inflammation at the tip of a tooth root, usually caused by an untreated infection. It appears as a round shadow on an X-ray. Granulomas can persist without symptoms for years but may flare up into an acute abscess. Treatment is usually root canal treatment or extraction.

Gum graft

A gum graft (gingival graft) is a surgical procedure to treat gum recession by transplanting tissue — usually from the roof of your mouth — to the area where the gum has receded. It covers exposed tooth roots, reduces sensitivity, and helps prevent further recession. Recovery typically takes two to three weeks.

Related: Recession, Gingiva, Periodontics

H

Halitosis(hal-ih-TOH-sis)

Halitosis is the medical term for bad breath. In most cases it originates from the mouth, caused by bacteria breaking down food debris and plaque. Common dental causes include gum disease, tooth decay, poor tongue cleaning, and dry mouth. Persistent halitosis that does not improve with oral hygiene should be assessed by a dentist.

Hyperdontia(hy-per-DON-shee-ah)

Hyperdontia is a condition where extra (supernumerary) teeth develop beyond the normal number. The most common extra tooth is a mesiodens, which appears between the upper front teeth. Supernumerary teeth can block normal teeth from erupting or cause crowding. They are usually removed surgically.

Hypodontia(hy-poh-DON-shee-ah)

Hypodontia is a developmental condition where one or more permanent teeth fail to develop. The most commonly missing teeth are wisdom teeth, upper lateral incisors, and lower second premolars. When teeth are congenitally absent, treatment options include orthodontics, bridges, implants, or accepting the gap if it causes no functional problems.

I

Impaction

An impacted tooth is one that has failed to emerge fully through the gum into its normal position. Wisdom teeth are the most commonly impacted teeth. Impacted teeth can cause pain, swelling, infection, and damage to neighbouring teeth. Treatment may involve monitoring, surgical exposure, or extraction.

Related: Wisdom tooth, Extraction

Patient leaflet: Impaction →

Impression

A dental impression is a mould of your teeth and gums used to create accurate models for making crowns, bridges, dentures, aligners, mouthguards, and other dental appliances. Traditional impressions use a tray filled with putty-like material; digital impressions use an intraoral scanner to create a 3D image without the putty.

Related: Crown, Denture, Orthodontics

Incisor

Incisors are the flat, chisel-shaped front teeth used for cutting and biting food. Adults have eight incisors — four upper and four lower. The two teeth at the very front are central incisors, and the teeth on either side are lateral incisors. Incisors are typically the first permanent teeth to erupt, around age 6–7.

Related: Canine, Premolar, Molar

Inlay

An inlay is an indirect restoration made in a dental laboratory and cemented into a prepared cavity in a tooth. Unlike a filling (which is placed directly), an inlay is custom-made to fit precisely. Inlays are used for medium to large cavities on the biting surfaces of back teeth and are typically made from ceramic, gold, or composite.

Related: Onlay, Crown, Filling

Interdental

Interdental means between the teeth. Interdental cleaning — using floss, interdental brushes, or water flossers — removes plaque and food debris from the spaces between teeth that a toothbrush cannot reach. Interdental brushes are recommended by dentists and hygienists as often more effective than floss for most people.

Related: Plaque, Gingivitis, Caries

IOTN(eye-oh-tee-en)

IOTN stands for Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need. It is a scoring system used in the UK to assess how much a patient needs orthodontic treatment (braces). IOTN has two components: the dental health component (DHC, scored 1–5) and the aesthetic component (AC, scored 1–10). NHS orthodontic treatment in England is usually available to under-18s with a dental health grade of 4 or 5, or grade 3 with an aesthetic score of 6 or more.

J

Jaw

The jaw consists of two bones: the upper jaw (maxilla) and the lower jaw (mandible). The mandible is the only movable bone in the skull, allowing you to open and close your mouth, chew, and speak. Problems with the jaw joint (TMJ) or alignment of the jaws (malocclusion) are common dental concerns.

Related: TMJ, Malocclusion, Alveolar bone

K

Keratocyst(KERR-at-oh-sist)

An odontogenic keratocyst is a type of jaw cyst that arises from the dental tissue that forms teeth. It tends to recur after treatment more than other types of cyst and requires careful surgical removal. Keratocysts are usually discovered on X-rays and may cause no symptoms until they become large.

Related: Cyst (dental), X-ray (dental)

L

Labial(LAY-bee-al)

Labial means relating to the lips. The labial surface of a front tooth is the side facing the lips. The labial frenum is the fold of tissue connecting the upper lip to the gum above the front teeth. A prominent labial frenum can sometimes cause a gap (diastema) between the central incisors.

Related: Buccal, Lingual, Frenum, Diastema

Leukoplakia(loo-koh-PLAY-kee-ah)

Leukoplakia is a white patch on the lining of the mouth that cannot be scraped off and is not attributable to any other identifiable cause. It is considered a potentially pre-malignant condition — meaning it carries a small risk of developing into oral cancer. Any persistent white patch in the mouth should be assessed by a dentist.

Related: Oral cancer, Ulcer (mouth)

Lingual(LING-gwal)

Lingual means relating to the tongue. The lingual surface of a tooth is the side facing the tongue. Lingual braces are orthodontic brackets fitted to the tongue side of the teeth, making them invisible from the front. Your dentist may describe a "lingual swelling" or "lingual nerve" using this term.

Related: Buccal, Distal, Mesial

Local anaesthetic(AN-es-thet-ik)

A local anaesthetic is an injection given by the dentist to numb a specific area of the mouth before treatment. It blocks pain signals from the nerves in that area, allowing procedures such as fillings, extractions, and root canals to be carried out without pain. Numbness typically lasts one to three hours.

M

Malocclusion(mal-oh-KLOO-zhun)

Malocclusion means the teeth do not fit together correctly when the jaws are closed. Common types include crowding, spacing, an increased overjet (upper front teeth sticking out too far), a deep overbite (upper front teeth covering too much of the lower teeth), an underbite (lower front teeth in front of the upper teeth) and crossbite. Malocclusion can affect chewing, speech, and oral hygiene. Treatment is usually orthodontic (braces or aligners).

Related: Orthodontics, Occlusion, IOTN

Mandible(MAN-dib-ul)

The mandible is the lower jawbone — the largest and strongest bone of the face. It is the only movable bone in the skull, allowing you to open and close your mouth, chew, and speak. The mandible holds the lower teeth and contains the inferior alveolar nerve, which provides sensation to the lower teeth, lip, and chin.

Related: Jaw, Maxilla, TMJ

Maryland bridge

A Maryland bridge (resin-bonded bridge) is a type of fixed bridge that uses metal or ceramic wings bonded to the back of adjacent teeth to hold a false tooth in place, rather than crowns. It requires minimal or no preparation of the neighbouring teeth, making it a more conservative option. Maryland bridges are commonly used to replace a single missing front tooth.

Related: Bridge, Pontic, Veneer

Maxilla(mak-SIL-ah)

The maxilla is the upper jawbone. Unlike the mandible (lower jaw), the maxilla is fixed and does not move. It forms the upper dental arch, the floor of the eye sockets, the floor and walls of the nasal cavity, and most of the hard palate. The maxillary sinus (a hollow space within the maxilla) is relevant in dental implant planning.

Related: Mandible, Jaw, Sinus lift, Palate

Mesial(MEE-zee-al)

Mesial is a directional term meaning the surface of a tooth facing towards the midline of the mouth (towards the front). The opposite is distal (facing towards the back). Mesial and distal are used alongside buccal, lingual, and occlusal to precisely describe the location of decay, restorations, or other findings on a tooth.

Related: Distal, Buccal, Lingual

Mobility

Tooth mobility refers to how much a tooth moves in its socket. Some very slight movement is normal, but increased mobility is usually a sign of advanced gum disease (periodontitis), injury, or infection. Dentists grade mobility from Grade I (slight) to Grade III (severe, where the tooth moves vertically). It is an important factor in treatment planning.

Molar

Molars are the large, flat-surfaced teeth at the back of the mouth used for grinding food. Adults have 12 molars: three in each quadrant (first molar, second molar, and third molar or wisdom tooth). The first permanent molars appear around age 6 and are often called "six-year molars." Molars are the teeth most commonly affected by decay.

Mouthguard

A mouthguard is a protective device worn over the teeth to prevent injury during sport or to reduce the effects of teeth grinding (bruxism). Custom-made mouthguards from a dentist provide the best fit, comfort, and protection. Boil-and-bite types from pharmacies are a less effective alternative. Mouthguards are recommended for all contact sports.

Related: Bruxism, Splint

N

Nerve (dental)

When dentists refer to the "nerve" of a tooth, they mean the dental pulp — the living tissue inside the tooth containing nerves, blood vessels, and cells. A "dead nerve" means the pulp has died, usually from deep decay or trauma, and the tooth may need root canal treatment or extraction.

NHS Bands

NHS dental treatment in England is organised into three charge bands. Band 1 covers examination, diagnosis, and preventive care (e.g. scale and polish, X-rays). Band 2 includes everything in Band 1 plus fillings, extractions, and root canal treatment. Band 3 covers everything in Bands 1 and 2 plus crowns, dentures, and bridges. Charges are set annually.

Related: FP17, UDA, GDP

How much does NHS dental treatment cost?

From 1 April 2026, the NHS dental charge bands in England are: Band 1 — £27.90, also the urgent-care charge (check-up, X-rays, a scale and polish if clinically needed, preventive care). Band 2 — £76.60 (fillings, extractions, root canal treatment). Band 3 — £332.10 (crowns, dentures, bridges). Charges can change each April; check nhs.uk for the current year. You pay one charge per course of treatment, regardless of how many procedures are needed within that band. Some patients are exempt from charges, including those under 18, pregnant women, and people receiving certain benefits. Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland have different charging structures.

O

Occlusion(oh-KLOO-zhun)

Occlusion is the way your upper and lower teeth come together when you bite or chew. Ideal occlusion means the teeth meet evenly and comfortably. Problems with occlusion (malocclusion) can contribute to tooth wear, jaw pain, headaches, and damage to dental restorations. Your dentist checks your bite as part of routine examinations.

Related: Malocclusion, Bruxism, TMJ

Onlay

An onlay is an indirect restoration similar to an inlay but larger — it covers one or more of the cusps (raised points) on the biting surface of a tooth. Onlays are used when the damage is too extensive for a filling but a full crown is not yet necessary. They are made from ceramic, gold, or composite in a dental laboratory.

Related: Inlay, Crown, Filling

OPG(oh-pee-jee)

An OPG (orthopantomogram, also called DPT) is a panoramic X-ray that captures the entire mouth in a single image — all teeth, both jaws, and surrounding structures. The machine rotates around your head while you stand still. OPGs are used to assess wisdom teeth, plan implants, detect jaw pathology, and get an overall view of dental health.

Related: Bitewing, CBCT

Oral cancer

Oral cancer is cancer that develops in any part of the mouth, including the tongue, floor of the mouth, gums, cheeks, lips, or palate. Risk factors include smoking, heavy alcohol use, HPV infection, and excessive sun exposure (lip cancer). Early detection dramatically improves survival rates. Your dentist checks for signs of oral cancer at every routine examination.

Related: Leukoplakia, Ulcer (mouth)

Oral thrush

Oral thrush is a fungal infection of the mouth caused by an overgrowth of Candida yeast. It appears as white patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, roof of the mouth, or gums that can be wiped off to reveal sore, red tissue underneath. It is more common in babies, elderly people, denture wearers, and those with weakened immune systems. See your dentist or GP if symptoms persist beyond two weeks.

Related: Denture

Orthodontics(or-tho-DON-tiks)

Orthodontics is the branch of dentistry concerned with correcting the alignment of teeth and jaws. Treatment typically involves braces (fixed metal or ceramic brackets) or clear aligners (such as Invisalign). Orthodontic treatment can be provided by a general dentist with additional training or a specialist orthodontist.

Related: Malocclusion, IOTN, Retainer

Osseointegration(oss-ee-oh-in-teh-GRAY-shun)

Osseointegration is the process by which a dental implant fuses with the surrounding jawbone. After an implant is placed, the bone gradually grows around and bonds to the titanium surface over a period of typically three to six months. Successful osseointegration is essential for the implant to be stable enough to support a crown.

Overbite

An overbite is the vertical overlap of the upper front teeth over the lower front teeth when the jaws are closed. Some overbite is normal (typically 2–4mm). An excessive or deep overbite — where the upper teeth cover most or all of the lower teeth — can cause wear, gum trauma, and jaw discomfort. It is usually corrected with orthodontics.

Overjet

Overjet is the horizontal distance between the upper and lower front teeth — how far the upper teeth stick out in front of the lower teeth. A normal overjet is 2–4mm. An increased overjet (sometimes called "buck teeth") increases the risk of trauma to the front teeth and is one of the criteria assessed in orthodontic referrals.

Related: Malocclusion, Orthodontics, IOTN

P

Palatal(PAL-ah-tal)

Palatal means relating to the palate (roof of the mouth). The palatal surface of an upper tooth is the side facing the palate. In dental records, "P" is used as the surface abbreviation for palatal. For lower teeth, the equivalent surface is called lingual (facing the tongue).

Related: Palate, Lingual, Buccal

Palate(PAL-at)

The palate is the roof of the mouth. The hard palate is the bony front portion; the soft palate is the flexible muscular area at the back. Dental procedures sometimes involve the palate — for example, tissue for gum grafts is often taken from the hard palate, and some orthodontic appliances are anchored to it.

Related: Gum graft, Orthodontics

Periapical(per-ee-AP-ih-kal)

Periapical means "around the apex (tip) of the root." A periapical X-ray shows the entire tooth including the root and surrounding bone. A periapical abscess is an infection at the tip of the root, often caused by untreated decay reaching the nerve. Periapical pathology is a common reason for root canal treatment.

Pericoronitis(per-ee-kor-oh-NY-tis)

Pericoronitis is inflammation and infection of the gum tissue surrounding a partially erupted tooth, most commonly a lower wisdom tooth. Symptoms include pain, swelling, difficulty opening the mouth, and a bad taste. Most cases settle with local treatment: the dentist rinses and cleans under the gum flap, and pain relief helps. Antibiotics are only used if the infection is spreading, the swelling persists despite this treatment, or you feel generally unwell. Repeated episodes are a common reason for removing the wisdom tooth.

Periodontics(per-ee-oh-DON-tiks)

Periodontics is the dental speciality focused on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of gum disease and other conditions affecting the tissues that support the teeth (gums, bone, and periodontal ligament). A periodontist is a dentist who has completed additional specialist training in this area.

Periodontitis(per-ee-oh-don-TY-tis)

Periodontitis is a serious form of gum disease where the infection spreads below the gum line, destroying the bone and tissue that support the teeth. If untreated, teeth become loose and may eventually need to be removed. Periodontitis is a leading cause of tooth loss in adults. It is now classified by Stage (I–IV, indicating severity) and Grade (A–C, indicating risk of progression). Treatment involves deep cleaning (debridement) and improved oral hygiene.

Can periodontitis be cured?

Periodontitis cannot be cured in the sense that lost bone does not grow back on its own, but it can be controlled and stabilised with treatment. The aim is to stop further bone loss and keep your teeth for as long as possible. Treatment involves professional debridement (deep cleaning below the gum line), improved daily oral hygiene, and regular maintenance appointments, usually every 3 to 12 months, set by your dental team according to your risk. Smoking is the biggest modifiable risk factor, so stopping smoking significantly improves outcomes. With good treatment and compliance, most patients can keep their teeth long-term.

Permanent teeth

Permanent teeth (also called adult teeth or secondary teeth) are the second set of teeth that replace the deciduous (baby) teeth. A full adult set consists of 32 teeth, including four wisdom teeth. Most permanent teeth have erupted by age 12–13, with the exception of wisdom teeth which may emerge between 17 and 25.

Plaque

Dental plaque is a soft, sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on tooth surfaces. If not removed by brushing and interdental cleaning, plaque produces acids that attack enamel (causing decay) and toxins that irritate gums (causing gum disease). Plaque that is not removed hardens into calculus (tartar) within 24 to 72 hours.

Related: Calculus, Caries, Gingivitis

Pontic(PON-tik)

A pontic is the false tooth in a dental bridge that fills the gap left by a missing tooth. It is attached to crowns on the neighbouring teeth (abutments). Pontics can be made from porcelain, ceramic, gold, or a combination of materials, and are designed to look and function like a natural tooth.

Related: Bridge, Crown

Premolar(pree-MOH-lar)

Premolars (also called bicuspids) are the teeth located between the canines and molars. Adults have eight premolars — two in each quadrant. They have two cusps and are used for crushing and tearing food. Premolars usually appear between ages 10 and 12, replacing the deciduous molars.

Related: Molar, Cusp, Quadrant

Probing depth

Probing depth is the measurement in millimetres from the top of the gum to the bottom of the gum pocket around a tooth. Your dentist or hygienist measures this using a thin, calibrated probe. Healthy pockets measure 1–3mm. Depths of 4mm or more indicate gum disease and the need for further investigation or treatment.

Related: BPE, Periodontitis, Recession

Prophylaxis(pro-fih-LAK-sis)

In dentistry, prophylaxis means preventive treatment — most commonly a professional dental cleaning (scale and polish) to prevent gum disease. Antibiotic prophylaxis refers to taking antibiotics before certain dental procedures to prevent infection, which may be recommended for some patients with specific heart conditions.

Related: Scale and polish, Gingivitis

Prosthesis (dental)(pros-THEE-sis)

A dental prosthesis is any artificial device that replaces missing teeth or oral structures. This includes dentures, bridges, crowns, and implant-supported restorations. The branch of dentistry that deals with prostheses is called prosthodontics. A well-fitting prosthesis should restore function, appearance, and comfort.

Related: Denture, Bridge, Crown, Dental implant

Pulp

The dental pulp is the soft tissue in the centre of a tooth that contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue. It keeps the tooth alive and nourished during development. When decay or trauma reaches the pulp, it becomes inflamed (pulpitis) and can die, causing infection. Root canal treatment removes the damaged pulp.

Pulpitis(pul-PY-tis)

Pulpitis is inflammation of the dental pulp (the nerve inside a tooth), usually caused by deep decay, a crack, or trauma. Reversible pulpitis causes temporary sensitivity to cold; irreversible pulpitis causes spontaneous, lingering pain, often keeping you awake at night. Irreversible pulpitis usually requires root canal treatment or extraction.

Q

Quadrant(KWOD-rant)

In dentistry, the mouth is divided into four quadrants: upper right, upper left, lower left, and lower right. Each quadrant contains seven or eight permanent teeth (including the wisdom tooth). Quadrant-based organisation is used for recording dental charts and planning treatment.

Related: Sextant, BPE

R

Radiograph

Radiograph is the clinical term for an X-ray image. In dentistry, common types include bitewing radiographs (showing the crowns of upper and lower teeth), periapical radiographs (showing full teeth including roots), and OPGs (panoramic views of the entire mouth). Dental radiographs use very low doses of radiation.

Recession

Gum recession is when the gum tissue gradually pulls back, exposing more of the tooth root. It can be caused by gum disease, aggressive brushing, grinding, or simply ageing. Exposed roots are more susceptible to decay and sensitivity. Mild recession can be managed with desensitising toothpaste; severe cases may need gum grafting surgery.

Resorption(ree-SORP-shun)

Resorption is the process by which the body breaks down and absorbs tissue. In dentistry, root resorption occurs when the body starts dissolving the root structure of a tooth, while bone resorption is the loss of jawbone. Root resorption can be caused by trauma, orthodontic treatment, infection, or sometimes occurs without a clear cause.

Retainer

A retainer is a device worn after orthodontic treatment (braces or aligners) to hold the teeth in their new positions. Retainers can be removable (worn at night) or fixed (a thin wire bonded behind the front teeth). Without a retainer, teeth tend to drift back towards their original positions over time.

Related: Orthodontics, Malocclusion

Root

The root is the part of a tooth that sits below the gum line, anchored in the jawbone. Front teeth usually have one root; premolars have one or two; molars have two or three. The root is covered in cementum and attached to the bone by the periodontal ligament. Exposed roots (from gum recession) are vulnerable to decay and sensitivity.

Related: Apex, Cementum, Recession, Alveolar bone

Root canal treatment

Root canal treatment (endodontic treatment) is a procedure to save a tooth when the pulp inside becomes infected or dies. The dentist removes the damaged pulp, cleans and shapes the root canals, and fills them with a sealing material. The tooth is then usually restored with a crown. A root-treated tooth can function normally for many years.

Related: Pulp, Pulpitis, Abscess, Crown, Endodontics

Patient leaflet: Root canal treatment →

Is root canal treatment painful?

Modern root canal treatment is carried out under local anaesthetic and should not be painful. Most patients compare the experience to having a filling, though the appointment is longer (typically 60–90 minutes). The procedure relieves the severe toothache caused by an infected nerve — so you should feel better afterwards, not worse. Some mild soreness for a few days after treatment is normal and can be managed with over-the-counter painkillers. If you are anxious, discuss sedation options with your dentist.

Rubber dam

A rubber dam is a thin sheet of latex or non-latex material used to isolate one or more teeth during treatment. It keeps the treatment area dry, improves visibility, and prevents materials or debris from being swallowed. Rubber dam use is considered essential during root canal treatment and recommended for placing composite fillings.

S

Saliva

Saliva is the clear fluid produced by salivary glands in the mouth. It plays a vital role in oral health: neutralising acids, washing away food debris, aiding digestion, providing antimicrobial protection, and helping remineralise early enamel damage. Reduced saliva flow (dry mouth / xerostomia) significantly increases the risk of tooth decay and gum disease.

Related: Xerostomia, Caries, Enamel

Salivary gland

Salivary glands produce saliva to keep the mouth moist, aid digestion, and protect against decay. There are three pairs of major salivary glands: parotid (in front of the ears), submandibular (under the jaw), and sublingual (under the tongue), plus hundreds of minor glands throughout the mouth. Salivary gland problems include stones, infections, and dry mouth.

Related: Saliva, Xerostomia

Scale and polish

A scale and polish is a professional dental cleaning procedure. The dentist or hygienist uses instruments (ultrasonic and hand scalers) to remove plaque and calculus from tooth surfaces, then polishes the teeth with a mildly abrasive paste. It is a preventive treatment that helps maintain gum health. Note: a scale and polish is not automatically included in every NHS check-up — your dentist will only provide one if it is clinically necessary.

Related: Calculus, Gingivitis, Debridement

Sensitivity

Tooth sensitivity (dentine hypersensitivity) is a sharp, short pain triggered by hot, cold, sweet, or acidic foods and drinks. It occurs when the dentine layer of a tooth becomes exposed through enamel wear, gum recession, or cracked teeth. Desensitising toothpaste, fluoride varnish, and bonding agents can help manage sensitivity.

Related: Dentine, Enamel, Recession, Erosion

Sextant(SEKS-tant)

A sextant is one of six sections the mouth is divided into for recording the BPE (gum health screening). The mouth is split into upper right, upper front, upper left, lower right, lower front, and lower left. Each sextant is given a BPE score. This system helps identify which areas of the mouth need treatment.

Related: BPE, Quadrant

Sinus lift

A sinus lift (sinus augmentation) is a surgical procedure that adds bone to the upper jaw in the area of the premolars and molars, between the jaw and the maxillary sinus. It is performed when there is not enough bone height in the upper jaw to support dental implants, often because the sinus has expanded after tooth loss.

Socket

A tooth socket (alveolus) is the hollow space in the jawbone where a tooth root sits. After an extraction, the empty socket fills with a blood clot that protects the bone during healing. A socket typically takes six to eight weeks to fill with new bone, though the gum surface heals over within two to three weeks.

Splint

A dental splint is a device that immobilises or stabilises teeth. It can be used to hold a loose tooth in place after injury, to treat gum disease by linking mobile teeth together, or as a night guard to protect teeth from grinding (bruxism). Splints can be temporary or semi-permanent depending on the clinical situation.

Related: Bruxism, Mobility, Mouthguard

Staining

Dental staining is discolouration on or within the teeth. Extrinsic stains (on the surface) are caused by tea, coffee, red wine, tobacco, and certain mouthwashes — they can usually be removed by a scale and polish. Intrinsic stains (within the tooth structure) can result from medications, trauma, or excess fluoride during development and may need whitening or veneers.

Subgingival(sub-JIN-jih-val)

Subgingival means below the gum line. Subgingival calculus is tartar that forms on tooth roots beneath the gums and is a major contributor to gum disease. Subgingival debridement is the process of cleaning these root surfaces, sometimes under local anaesthetic — it is a key treatment for periodontitis.

Supragingival(soo-prah-JIN-jih-val)

Supragingival means above the gum line. Supragingival calculus is visible tartar on the tooth surface above the gums, typically found on the inside of the lower front teeth and the outside of the upper molars near the salivary gland openings. It is removed during a routine scale and polish.

Suture(SOO-cher)

A suture is a stitch used to close a wound in the mouth after surgery, such as a wisdom tooth extraction or gum surgery. Dental sutures may be resorbable (dissolve on their own in 7–14 days) or non-resorbable (need to be removed at a follow-up appointment). Your dentist will tell you which type was used.

T

Tartar

Tartar is the common name for dental calculus — hardened plaque that has mineralised on tooth surfaces. It appears as a yellow or brown deposit, particularly along the gum line and behind the lower front teeth. Tartar cannot be removed by brushing; it needs to be professionally removed by a dentist or hygienist.

Related: Calculus, Plaque, Scale and polish

Temporary filling

A temporary filling is a short-term restoration placed to protect a tooth between appointments or during emergency treatment. It is softer than a permanent filling and is designed to be replaced at a follow-up appointment. Common temporary filling materials include zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) and IRM. Do not leave a temporary filling longer than advised.

Related: Filling, Root canal treatment

TMJ(tee-em-jay)

TMJ stands for temporomandibular joint — the joint that connects your lower jaw to your skull, located just in front of each ear. TMJ disorder (TMD) refers to problems with this joint, including pain, clicking, locking, and difficulty opening the mouth. Causes include bruxism, stress, arthritis, and jaw injury.

Related: Bruxism, Occlusion, Splint

Why does my jaw click when I open my mouth?

Jaw clicking is usually caused by the disc inside the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) slipping slightly out of position and then popping back. It is very common and often harmless. However, if clicking is accompanied by pain, locking (inability to open or close fully), or difficulty eating, you should see your dentist. Treatment may include jaw exercises, a bite splint worn at night, pain management, and stress reduction. In most cases, TMJ problems improve with conservative treatment without the need for surgery.

Tongue-tie

Tongue-tie (ankyloglossia) is a condition present from birth where the strip of tissue connecting the tongue to the floor of the mouth (lingual frenum) is shorter or tighter than usual, restricting tongue movement. It can affect breastfeeding in babies and sometimes speech in older children. Treatment, if needed, is a simple procedure called a frenectomy.

Related: Frenum

Tooth decay

Tooth decay is the destruction of tooth structure by acid-producing bacteria. It is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide and is largely preventable. The process begins when bacteria in plaque convert sugars into acid, which dissolves tooth enamel. Regular brushing, fluoride, reducing sugar intake, and dental check-ups are key to prevention.

Related: Caries, Cavity, Filling, Enamel

Tooth eruption

Tooth eruption is the process by which a tooth moves through the jawbone and gum tissue to emerge into the mouth. Deciduous (baby) teeth begin erupting around 6 months of age. Permanent teeth start replacing them around age 6, with the process usually complete by age 12–13 (excluding wisdom teeth, which may erupt between 17 and 25).

Tooth fracture

A tooth fracture is a crack or break in a tooth, which can range from minor enamel chips to severe splits extending below the gum line. Fractures can be caused by trauma, biting hard objects, or weakening from large fillings or decay. Treatment depends on the severity — from bonding and crowns to extraction for vertically split teeth.

Related: Crown, Extraction, Enamel

Toothache

Toothache is pain in or around a tooth. It can range from mild sensitivity to severe, throbbing pain. Common causes include tooth decay, a cracked tooth, an abscess, gum disease, or an exposed root. Toothache that lasts more than one to two days, wakes you at night, or is accompanied by swelling should be assessed by a dentist promptly.

Related: Caries, Abscess, Pulpitis, Sensitivity

Treatment plan

A treatment plan is a written proposal from your dentist outlining the dental work needed, the order of procedures, alternatives, and estimated costs. Under GDC standards, your dentist should explain the treatment plan in language you understand and obtain your informed consent before starting. You have the right to ask questions and to seek a second opinion.

Related: GDC, NHS Bands

Trismus(TRIZ-mus)

Trismus is restricted opening of the mouth, often described as "lockjaw." It can be caused by infection (particularly after lower wisdom tooth removal), TMJ problems, trauma, or — less commonly — oral cancer treatment. Mild trismus after dental surgery usually resolves within one to two weeks with gentle jaw exercises.

Related: TMJ, Wisdom tooth, Extraction

U

UDA(yoo-dee-ay)

UDA stands for Unit of Dental Activity — the metric used by the NHS to measure how much dental work a practice delivers under its contract. Different treatments are worth different numbers of UDAs. In England, a Band 1 course of treatment is 1 UDA; since 25 November 2022 Band 2 has been split into 2a, 2b and 2c (3, 5 or 7 UDAs depending on complexity); and Band 3 is 12 UDAs. From 1 April 2026, an urgent course is worth £75 divided by the practice's UDA value, and a course that is only a fluoride varnish application is 0.5 UDA. UDA targets are set annually for each NHS dental contract.

Related: NHS Bands, FP17

Ulcer (mouth)

A mouth ulcer is a small, painful sore that appears on the lining of the mouth, tongue, or gums. Most mouth ulcers are minor (aphthous ulcers) and heal within one to two weeks without treatment. However, any ulcer that has not healed within three weeks should be checked by a dentist, as persistent ulcers can occasionally be a sign of oral cancer.

Related: Oral thrush

Underbite

An underbite is a type of malocclusion where the lower front teeth sit in front of the upper front teeth when the jaw is closed. It can result from the lower jaw growing too far forward, the upper jaw being underdeveloped, or a combination. Underbites can affect chewing and speech. Treatment may involve orthodontics or, in severe cases, jaw surgery.

V

Veneer

A dental veneer is a thin shell of porcelain or composite material bonded to the front surface of a tooth to improve its appearance. Veneers can change the colour, shape, size, or length of teeth. Porcelain veneers typically require a small amount of enamel to be removed from the front of the tooth before fitting.

Related: Crown, Composite, Bleaching

Patient leaflet: Veneer →

What is the difference between a veneer and a crown?

A veneer covers only the front surface of a tooth and is primarily cosmetic — it changes how the tooth looks without altering its structure significantly. A crown covers the entire tooth (360 degrees) and is used when a tooth is structurally weakened and needs protection. Veneers require less tooth preparation (about 0.5mm of enamel removed from the front) while crowns require more (the tooth is filed down all round). Veneers are best for cosmetic improvements on otherwise healthy teeth; crowns are best for teeth that have been heavily filled, root-treated, or fractured.

Vitality test

A vitality test is a diagnostic procedure to check whether the nerve (pulp) inside a tooth is alive and healthy. The dentist may use cold spray, an electric pulp tester, or heat to stimulate the tooth and observe your response. A tooth that does not respond may have a dead or dying nerve and may need root canal treatment.

W

Wax-up

A diagnostic wax-up is a model of your teeth made in wax by a dental technician that shows the planned end result of treatment before any work begins. Wax-ups are used to plan complex cases such as multiple veneers, crowns, or full mouth rehabilitation. They help you and your dentist agree on the final appearance before committing to irreversible treatment.

Whitening

Tooth whitening (bleaching) is a cosmetic dental procedure that uses peroxide-based agents to lighten the colour of teeth. In the UK, only registered dental professionals can legally use products containing more than 0.1% hydrogen peroxide (up to 6%). Professional whitening produces more predictable, longer-lasting results than over-the-counter products, which are limited to 0.1% or less.

Related: Bleaching, Veneer

Patient leaflet: Whitening →

Wisdom tooth

Wisdom teeth (third molars) are the last teeth to come through, usually appearing between the ages of 17 and 25. Many people do not have enough room in their jaw for wisdom teeth, which can cause them to become impacted (stuck). Impacted wisdom teeth may cause pain, infection, or damage to adjacent teeth and may need to be removed.

Related: Impaction, Extraction

Patient leaflet: Wisdom tooth →

Do all wisdom teeth need to be removed?

No — wisdom teeth only need to be removed if they are causing problems or are likely to. If a wisdom tooth has come through fully, is in a good position, is not decayed, and the gum around it is healthy, there is no reason to remove it. NICE guidelines recommend removal when there is recurrent infection of the gum around the tooth (pericoronitis), untreatable decay, or cysts or other pathology. Your dentist will check them at routine examinations, take an X-ray only when there is a clinical reason, and recommend removal only if there is a clear clinical reason.

X

X-ray (dental)

Dental X-rays (radiographs) are images that allow your dentist to see structures not visible to the naked eye, including between teeth, below the gum line, and inside the jawbone. Common types include bitewing, periapical, and OPG (panoramic). Dental X-rays use very low doses of radiation and are an essential diagnostic tool.

Related: Bitewing, OPG, CBCT, Periapical

Xerostomia(zeer-oh-STOH-mee-ah)

Xerostomia is the medical term for dry mouth — a condition where the salivary glands do not produce enough saliva. Saliva is essential for protecting teeth from decay, aiding digestion, and fighting infection. Common causes include medications (especially antidepressants and blood pressure drugs), radiotherapy, and autoimmune conditions such as Sjögren's syndrome. Tell your dentist if you have a persistently dry mouth, as they can help identify the cause and reduce your risk of decay.

Related: Caries, Oral thrush

Commonly confused dental terms

Many dental terms sound similar or describe related concepts. This table explains the key differences between the most commonly confused pairs.

Term A	Term B	What’s the difference?
Crown	Veneer	A crown covers the entire tooth for structural support; a veneer covers only the front surface for cosmetic improvement.
Filling	Inlay	A filling is placed directly in the mouth and shaped by the dentist; an inlay is custom-made in a laboratory and cemented in.
Inlay	Onlay	An inlay fits within the cusps of a tooth; an onlay extends over one or more cusps, covering a larger area.
Gingivitis	Periodontitis	Gingivitis is reversible gum inflammation limited to the gums; periodontitis involves irreversible bone loss around the teeth.
Plaque	Calculus	Plaque is soft and can be removed by brushing; calculus is hardened plaque that only a dental professional can remove.
Bridge	Implant	A bridge anchors a false tooth to neighbouring teeth; an implant is a titanium screw placed in the jawbone to support a crown independently.
Amalgam	Composite	Amalgam is silver-coloured and made of metal alloys; composite is tooth-coloured and made of resin and glass particles.
Deciduous teeth	Permanent teeth	Deciduous (baby) teeth are the first set of 20 teeth; permanent (adult) teeth are the second set of up to 32 teeth.
Scale and polish	Debridement	A scale and polish is routine cleaning above the gum line; debridement is deep cleaning below the gum line, sometimes under local anaesthetic.
Enamel	Dentine	Enamel is the hard white outer layer; dentine is the softer yellowish layer beneath it that contains nerve-connected tubes.

Frequently asked questions

What is the difference between a dentist and a dental hygienist?

A dentist is a qualified dental professional who can diagnose conditions, prescribe medication, perform surgery, and carry out restorative treatments such as fillings, crowns, and extractions. A dental hygienist is a registered dental care professional who specialises in preventive care — including professional cleaning (scaling and polishing), gum health treatment, oral hygiene instruction, and applying fluoride varnish. Hygienists can see you directly or on referral from a dentist; tooth whitening and some medicines still need a dentist's prescription. Both are regulated by the General Dental Council (GDC).

How often should I visit the dentist?

NICE guidelines recommend that adults should visit the dentist between every 3 and 24 months, depending on their risk of dental disease. Most adults are recalled every 6 to 12 months. Children and young people under 18 should be seen at least once a year. Your dentist sets your recall interval based on factors including your gum health, decay risk, medical history, and oral hygiene. If you notice any problems between appointments — pain, swelling, bleeding gums, or a broken tooth — contact your dentist promptly rather than waiting for your next scheduled visit.

Why do dentists use so much jargon?

Dental terminology is a precise clinical language developed over centuries. Terms like "mesial," "buccal," and "periapical" describe exact locations and conditions in a way that avoids ambiguity between professionals. However, good practice — and GDC Standards — require dentists to explain findings and treatments to patients in plain language. If your dentist uses a term you do not understand, ask them to explain. You have the right to understand your diagnosis, treatment options, and risks before giving consent.

What does NHS Band 1, 2, and 3 mean?

NHS dental treatment in England is charged under three bands. From 1 April 2026: Band 1 (£27.90, also the urgent-care charge) covers examination, diagnosis, X-rays, a scale and polish if clinically needed, and preventive advice. Band 2 (£76.60) includes everything in Band 1 plus fillings, extractions, and root canal treatment. Band 3 (£332.10) includes everything in Bands 1 and 2 plus crowns, dentures, and bridges. Charges can change each April; check nhs.uk for the current year. You pay one charge per course of treatment — if you need three fillings, you still pay only one Band 2 charge. Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland have different systems.

Is dental treatment safe during pregnancy?

Yes — routine dental treatment is safe during pregnancy, and NHS dental treatment is free for pregnant women and for 12 months after the baby is born (you need a maternity exemption certificate). It is particularly important to maintain good oral health during pregnancy because hormonal changes increase the risk of gum disease (pregnancy gingivitis). Pregnancy is not a reason to avoid a dental X-ray your dentist needs: the radiation risk from dental X-rays is very small, and not taking an X-ray needed to diagnose pain or infection can carry a much greater risk. Your dentist will discuss the options with you, including whether a routine, non-urgent X-ray can wait until after the birth. Tell your dentist if you are, or might be, pregnant.

What should I do in a dental emergency?

For a knocked-out permanent tooth: handle it by the crown (not the root), rinse gently if dirty, try to replant it in the socket immediately, and see a dentist within 30 minutes if possible — the sooner, the better. If you cannot replant it, store it in milk. If you cannot reach a dentist, go to A&E — they can store the tooth properly and refer you. For severe toothache, swelling, or uncontrolled bleeding: contact your dental practice — most have emergency slots or an out-of-hours number. If your practice is closed, call NHS 111. For facial swelling that affects breathing or swallowing, go to A&E immediately.

Dental Abbreviations UK: Complete A-Z Reference List — the clinical shorthand version of this guide, written for dental professionals.
Patient Information Leaflets — plain-English leaflets you can take home after common dental procedures.
Dental Consent Documentation — understand what your dentist should explain before treatment and why consent matters.
BPE Scoring Explained — what the gum-health score your dentist records actually means.
Nosht Dental Notes App — for dental professionals: structured, UK-compliant clinical note templates.

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Published by Nosht Limited

Nosht Limited makes structured clinical note templates for UK dental professionals. Articles refer to guidance from the GDC, CGDent, BSP, SDCEP and NICE. Check the current version of a source before relying on it.